The decline of the West: Volume 1, Form and actuality

by Oswald Spengler

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"The Decline of the West: Volume 1, Form and Actuality" by Oswald Spengler is a philosophical work published in 1918. Spengler rejects traditional linear history, proposing instead that civilizations are organic entities with thousand-year lifespans. Cultures flourish and create, then become civilizations marked by military expansion and intellectual stagnation, before inevitably declining.

Summary from Project Gutenberg.

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Topics: Civilization -- History